Bioactive compounds in mango peels

Mango peel is a major byproduct obtained during the processing of mango products such as mango pulp and amchur. The peels are little used for processed foods, and which have potential of being a functional ingredient.

The peel and seed of mango has a significant potential benefit due to its powerful antioxidant properties and high content of phenolic compound. Mango peels contain mangiferin, norathyriol, and resveratrol, which are powerful antioxidants that may help prevent or fight cancers including lung, colon, breast, brain, and spinal cord cancers.

Bound polyphenolic and flavonoid contents were in the range of 8.1–29.5 and 0.101–0.392 mg/g, respectively, and were found to be more in ripe peel than in raw peel. Mango peels also contain triterpenes and triterpenoids, which are plant compounds that help fight cancer and diabetes.

The peel is also packed with fiber, which is important for digestive health and regulating hunger. The total dietary fiber content in mango peel was in the range of 40.6–72.5%. Galactose, glucose and arabinose were the major neutral sugars in insoluble and soluble dietary fibers.

One of the techniques to optimize the extraction of compounds present in fruit peels is the addition of pectinases enzymes in the maceration process. The addition of pectinases in fruit maceration degrades the pectin present in the peels and facilitates the release of compounds, resulting in a better extraction of the bioactive compounds.
Bioactive compounds in mango peels

Mango Waste: Pomace And Peel

Mango pomace is a by-product generated during mango processing; it is usually discarded as agricultural waste. Pomace actually is a low-value by-product obtained from fruit and vegetable processing. The extracting of juices from fruits (such as apples, cranberry, orange, mango) leaves behind 20–50% of the original fruit weight (peel and pomace).

Mango peel, a by-product of the fresh-cut industry, constitutes 20–25% of the mango processing waste and is found to be a good source for the extraction of pectin, dietary fiber and powder, suitable for preparation of jelly and other food ingredients.

Mango pomace can be processed and used for human consumption, also can be used for animal feed and for manufacture of compost. With the new technology and research mango pomace as a waste product found the new application and can be used commercially.

The concentrations of phenolics and other phytochemicals present in the peels, pulp/pomace and seeds of fruit are generally substantially higher than in their respective edible tissues, suggesting these wastes and residues to be the potential sources for isolating bio-active compounds.

Mango peel has been found to be a good source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin E, dietary fiber and vitamin C and it also exhibited good antioxidant properties. Studies have been shown that dry mango peel contains total polyphenol and carotenoid contents 55 to 110 mg /g and 387 to 3337mg/g respectively as well as 44-78% total dietary fiber.
Mango Waste: Pomace And Peel

Polyphenolic antioxidants in mango peel

Mangoes are a potential source of flavonoids and carotenoids, which makes them a food with good bioactive potential. The main bioactive compounds found in mangoes are polyphenols mangiferin, catechins, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, and benzoic acid, which are compounds associated with the prevention of degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes.

Among the different parts, fruit peels are rich in polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and this makes them valuable in making antioxidants.

Mango peels (MP) is a rich source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity.

Anti-proliferative activities in mango peel also has been reported. It has been reported that peel was a good source of phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and it exhibited good antioxidant properties. It is commonly considered that the concentration and composition of phenolics is affected by genetic, agronomic and environmental factors.

Throughout processing of mango, peels are the major by-product, approximately 7-24% of the fruit. The peels are little used for processed foods, and which have potential to be used for value-added applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Studies have shown that this material contains phytochemical compounds of nutritional interest.

Polyphenolic antioxidants in mango peel

Animal feed from mango

About 40 to 60% of the fruit intake ends up as waste in the mango processing factories. This fruit waste consists of 12-15%, 5-10% pulp waste and 15-20% mango seed kernel. Waste of mango can be used for making cattle feed commercially. Major waste like mango seed kernel is a good source of carbohydrate.

Drying of mango kernels and peel can make a high class energy food for animal feed. Cake left after the extraction of kernel oil could substitute for wheat and maize flour in animal feed as it is a good source of many essential amino acids.

There was a study conducted on poultry that a mixture of maize meal and mango kernel flour to the extent of 20% had no detrimental effect on the development of chickens.

 Dried kernels can be fed as such to animal without any further treatment of processing. Mango peel is also suitable as a supplement in fish food.
Animal feed from mango

The uses of mango peel

Mango consists of 33-85% edible pulp, with 9-40% inedible kernel and 7-24% inedible peel. Dietary fiber in mango peel has been shown as a favorable source of high quality polysaccharides.

It was reported that pectin to be about 13% on a dry basis-weight basis. Good quality pectin could be used in the manufacture of jam, jellies, marmalades and various pharmaceutical products.

Mango peel also contain a mixture of 5-(12-cis-hepta decenyl) and 5-pentadecyl resorcinol from mango peel and it could act as an agent against Alternaria alternata, a fungus responsible for black spot disease in mango fruit.

In the mango canning industry 25-30% of the fruit is lost in the form of peeling. These peelings are fermented into fruit vinegar. Mango peel juice and waste can be used as a molasses for cattle and also for fermentation into alcohol etc.

The dried peel meal can be incorporated in cattle feed. Mango peel is also suitable as a supplement in fish feed.

The peel and pulp portion left over after juice extraction was utilized to manufacture juice, nectar, etc, by pectin enzyme treatment.
The uses of mango peel